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The Big 50: Happy Birthday, Integrated Circuit! |
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Dr. Samuel Says -
Smart Design
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Written by Dr. Samuel Centralia, Ph.D., D.D.S., Esq.
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Friday, 14 November 2008 |
I occasionally feel the compulsion to fill this space with some educational content for the young people. Science is, of course, the most exciting of all endeavors, and I lament that recent generations have found it somewhat unfashionable. The trick is to make science relevant and compelling for the youth of America. I've proposed to publish a weekly formula for high-yield explosives you can assemble in your bedroom, but the Powers That Be here at Dyscern have nixed the idea.
So instead, I'd like to note that this week marks the 50th birthday of
the integrated circuit, the essential building block of all consumer
electronics. Consider this the blog-reading equivalent of eating your
vegetables -- it's good for you.
History will remember Jack
Kilby as father of the computer chip, but what he actually invented was
the first integrated circuit. For such a critical technology, the
actual specifics of integrated circuitry aren't widely appreciated.
Basically, an integrated circuit is a construction of electronic
components in which semiconductor devices (transistors and diodes) and
passive devices (capacitors and resistors) are built into a single unit
of material -- usually silicon. Kilby's invention was the first circuit
in which at least one element was contained within the substrate itself
-- a monolithic integrated circuit. (Researcher Robert Norton Noyce,
working independently of Kilby, also received a patent on the
integrated circuit in 1959. He went on to found a little company called
Intel.)
As the technology was developed--and since there are
no interconnecting wires in an integrated circuit--it became possible
to radically miniaturize circuitry. In the 1970s, large-scale
integration (LSI) put thousands of transistors and other components on
a silicon chip three mm square. Very large-scale integration (VLSI),
developed in the 1980s, made possible the microchip as we know it
today, and put tens of millions of components on a chip less than two
centimeters square. The rest is history.
In short, integrated
circuits are very small, very fast, require relatively little power,
and can be manufactured cheaply. Thanks to Kilby's invention,
electronic systems that would otherwise be impractical are now
ubiquitous. Bear this all in mind next time you hit shuffle on that iPod.
Now go forth in humility and gratitude, young people.
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